Developmental+stages

====** Erik Erikson ** was a German psychoanalyst that was influenced greatly by Sigmund Freud. Unlike Freud who focused only on the stages of development from birth to age 5, Erikson saw growth and development as something that stretched throughout the life cycle. He felt there were various "crises" that developed naturally and inevitably at various points in a person’s life. Successful resolution of these crises was necessary in determining whether one later experienced relative happiness, or discontent and dissatisfaction. In addition, each of the different phases -- and the lesson learned in resolving each successive crisis -- built upon those that came before. ==== ====** Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development ** considers the impact of external factors, parents, and society on how personality develops from childhood through adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person passes through a series of eight interrelated stages during their entire life. This chart outlines the stages in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development and briefly discusses the potential result of success as well as failure. Each stage is centered on a conflict that must be resolved in order to move on to the next stage successfully. ====

= = = ** Erikson's stages of psychosocial development ** = Relationships || Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to intimacy on a deep level, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. || Retrieved from: []
 * **Stage ** || **Basic Conflict ** || **Important Events ** || **Outcome ** ||  ||
 * **Infancy (birth to 18 months) ** || Trust vs. Mistrust || Feeding || Reliability, care, and affection from family leads to a trusting relationship. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. ||
 * **Early Childhood (18 months to 3 years) ** || Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt || Toilet Training || Children need to gain control over their bodies and master skills of simple self care. Success leads to feelings of autonomy & development of self esteem, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt & poor self esteem. ||
 * **Preschool (3 to 5 years) ** || Initiative vs. Guilt || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Exploration || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Children learn social role identification. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children frustrated with natural goals & desires may experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. ||
 * **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">School Age (6 to 11 years) ** || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Industry vs. Inferiority || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">School || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inadequacy & inferiority. ||
 * **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Adolescence (12 to 18 years) ** || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Identity vs. Role Confusion || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Social Relationships || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to be comfortable in your own skin, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. ||
 * **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Young **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Adulthood (18 to 35 **years)** || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Intimacy vs. Isolation || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Intimate
 * **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Young **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Adulthood (18 to 35 **years)** || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Intimacy vs. Isolation || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Intimate
 * **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Middle **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Adulthood (36 **to 65 years)** || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Generativity vs. Stagnation || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Work and Parenthood || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Adults need to nurture and transmit values to the family. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in self absorption and stagnation ||
 * **<span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Maturity(65 to death) ** || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ego Integrity vs. Despair || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Life’s Reflection || <span style="color: #b55374; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The older adult needs to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of contentment & acceptance, while failure results in regrets, discontentment, & despair. ||  ||

**Watauga, Tennessee** has a small population of 458. The largest percentage of this population falls within the young adult, middle age adult, and older adult categories or stages of development according to Erikson with the median age being approximately 37 years. Listed are these specific stages with an explanation of how success is achieved in each stage as well as the potential results of failure.

Intimacy vs. Isolation – Love
 * Stage **** 6~ Young adult: 18 to 35 years old **

At the young adult stage, people tend to seek companionship and love. Some also begin to “settle down” and start families, although this seems to have been pushed back farther in recent years as people are waiting longer to have children and get married.Young adults seek deep intimacy and satisfying relationships, but if unsuccessful, isolation may occur. Significant relationships in this stage are with marital partners and in friendships.


 * Stage 7~ Middle-aged Adult: 35 to 65 years old **

Generativity vs. Stagnation – Care

Career and family are the most important things at this stage. Middle adulthood is also the time when people are faced with greater responsibilities and control. For this stage, working to establish stability and generativity (according to Erikson) involves attempts to produce something that makes a difference to society. Inactivity and meaninglessness are common fears during this stage. Major life shifts, like a midlife crisis, can occur during this stage. For example, children leave home, careers can change, retirement looms, etc. Some people may find it difficult to find purpose in their lives. Significant relationships are those within the family, workplace, place of worship, and those of the community.
 * Stage 8~ Late Adult: 65 to Death **

Integrity vs. Despair – Wisdom

Erikson believed that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and this last stage involves much reflection on life. As older adults, some can look back with a feeling of contentment and fulfillment, having led a meaningful life and being a valuable contribution to society. Failure in this stage may result from a sense of despair if reflection upon their past experiences is unfulfilling or negative. Death may be feared if there is a struggle to find a meaningful purpose to their lives resulting in despair.